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Research

What research has actually found about people under pressure.

Who gets affected, what changes, what lingers, and what helps. Every finding comes with the people studied, the circumstances, and the method used.

Three things, kept apart on this page

  1. What’s established

    What published studies found, in the people and circumstances they studied. Each card says how strong that is: cause and effect, prediction, association or a pooled pattern.

  2. What’s ours

    What Calmistry hypothesises from those findings: the 13 measures and the material names. Marked as a Calmistry hypothesis wherever it appears, never as a finding.

  3. What isn’t validated yet

    Calmistry's own questions. Not yet tested on real respondents for consistency, retest stability or prediction. 8 planned papers · 6 collecting data now.

The findings

Each card is one finding from one or more published papers, checked against the original. Filter by moment or by situation.

10 findings · Show all findings

On every card: the finding is what the study established. The Calmistry line is our hypothesis. Calmistry's own questions have not yet been validated.

  1. Getting stressed · Being judged

    Meta-analysis Pooled evidence

    Being judged while lacking control produced the biggest stress-hormone responses

    Among participants in laboratory stress studies, when a performance task was both uncontrollable and open to negative judgement by others, cortisol responses were the largest and took the longest to recover, as found using a meta-analysis of 208 laboratory studies.

    Details
    Who was studied
    208 laboratory studies
    Observation window
    Single lab sessions
    What was measured
    Cortisol and its recovery after a stressful task
    What this establishes
    A pattern pooled across studies

    Limits: Laboratory tasks lasting minutes; the abstract reports no single pooled effect size for the combination.

    What it does not show: This establishes that judgement plus low control goes with bigger cortisol responses in the lab, but not that a person's self-reported stress follows cortisol, or that everyday workload acts the same way.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Supports describing being judged and lacking control as different from simply having a lot to do. It does not test any Calmistry measure.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · PMID 15122924

    Dickerson & Kemeny (2004), Psychological Bulletin · Original publication

  2. Getting stressed · Repeated hassles

    Longitudinal diary Prediction

    How strongly you react to small hassles predicted distress a decade later

    Among 711 adults aged 25 to 74, when ordinary daily stressors occurred, stronger negative emotional reactions were associated with more psychological distress and a higher likelihood of reporting an affective disorder 10 years later, as found using an 8-evening diary with a 10-year follow-up.

    Details
    Who was studied
    711 adults aged 25 to 74
    Observation window
    8 evenings + 10-year follow-up
    What was measured
    Daily stressors and emotions, later distress and reported disorders
    What this establishes
    Prediction, not causation

    Limits: Observational; outcomes are self-reported; one 8-evening snapshot stands in for a person's usual reactivity.

    What it does not show: This establishes that daily reactivity predicts later distress, but not that each small stressor causes later illness.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Supports treating reaction strength as something worth measuring apart from how many stressors happen. It does not validate the Fatigue or Yield point questions.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1177/0956797612462222 · PMID 23531486

    Charles et al. (2013), Psychological Science · Original publication

  3. Getting stressed · Repeated hassles

    Longitudinal diary Prediction

    Reactions to everyday hassles also predicted physical health

    Among 435 adults in a national daily-diary study, when ordinary daily stressors occurred, greater emotional reactivity was associated with a higher risk of reporting a chronic physical health condition 10 years later, as found using daily interviews with a 10-year follow-up.

    Details
    Who was studied
    435 adults
    Observation window
    Daily interviews + 10-year follow-up
    What was measured
    Emotional reactions to daily stressors, later chronic conditions
    What this establishes
    Prediction, not causation

    Limits: Health conditions were self-reported; observational.

    What it does not show: This establishes that reactivity to hassles predicts later reported health conditions, but not that reactivity causes them.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Suggests reactivity deserves its own measurement, separate from how often stress happens. Calmistry's own questions have not been tested against later health.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1007/s12160-012-9423-0 · PMID 23080393

    Piazza et al. (2013), Annals of Behavioral Medicine · Original publication

  4. Getting stressed · Sustained overload

    Meta-analysis Pooled evidence

    Challenges and obstacles are different kinds of pressure

    Among employees in workplace studies, demands experienced as challenges had a positive direct relationship with performance, partly offset through strain, while demands experienced as hindrances had a negative relationship with performance, as found using a meta-analysis of workplace studies.

    Details
    Who was studied
    Employees across workplace studies
    Observation window
    Pooled studies
    What was measured
    Challenge and hindrance stressors, strain, motivation, performance
    What this establishes
    A pattern pooled across studies

    Limits: The abstract does not give the number of studies; most underlying studies are correlational.

    What it does not show: This establishes that the kind of demand matters as well as the amount, but not that challenge-type pressure is harmless.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    A caution against treating all pressure as one quantity. Piezo (pressure turning into action) is a Calmistry construct this research only borders on.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.5465/amj.2005.18803921

    LePine, Podsakoff & LePine (2005), Academy of Management Journal · Original publication

  5. Getting stressed · Repeated hassles

    Repeated survey Prediction

    Everyday hassles predicted symptoms better than major life events

    Among middle-aged community adults, when stress was measured once a month for 10 consecutive months, scores for everyday hassles predicted current and later psychological symptoms better than scores for major life events, as found using repeated monthly questionnaires.

    Details
    Who was studied
    Middle-aged community adults
    Observation window
    Monthly for 10 months
    What was measured
    Daily hassles, major life events, psychological symptoms
    What this establishes
    Prediction, not causation

    Limits: Hassles and symptoms were both self-reported, so some overlap may come from the same way of answering.

    What it does not show: This establishes that small, frequent stressors carry predictive weight, but not that hassles cause symptoms.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Supports looking at small repeated stressors, not only big events. Fatigue asks how repeats wear on a person, which this study did not measure directly.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1007/BF00844845 · PMID 7288876

    Kanner et al. (1981), Journal of Behavioral Medicine · Original publication

  6. Getting stressed · Repeated hassles

    Daily diary Association

    More distress came more from reacting harder than from meeting more stressors

    Among 339 people keeping daily reports for 6 weeks, exposure and reactivity to minor daily stressors explained over 40% of the distress gap between people high and low in neuroticism, and reactivity accounted for twice as much of that gap as exposure, as found using a 6-week daily diary.

    Details
    Who was studied
    339 people
    Observation window
    6 weeks of daily reports
    What was measured
    Daily stressors, daily distress, neuroticism
    What this establishes
    An association, not cause and effect

    Reported effect: over 40% of the distress difference explained; reactivity twice as much as exposure

    Limits: Most of the distress difference was not explained by daily stressors at all.

    What it does not show: This establishes that exposure and reactivity are separable contributors, but not that a single stress score can tell them apart.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    The reason Calmistry separates how much load arrives from how a person responds to it. Whether its questions capture reactivity is untested.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00253.x · PMID 1960637

    Bolger & Schilling (1991), Journal of Personality · Original publication

  7. Getting stressed · Financial pressure

    Experiment + field study Cause and effect

    Money worries took up mental room, separately from stress

    Among poorer participants, when thoughts about finances were prompted, cognitive performance dropped while better-off participants were unaffected, and the same farmers performed worse before harvest, when poor, than after it, as found using a laboratory experiment and a before-and-after field study.

    Details
    Who was studied
    Poorer and better-off adults; farmers
    Observation window
    One session; before and after harvest
    What was measured
    Cognitive test performance
    What this establishes
    Cause and effect, in this setting

    Limits: The farmers reported more stress before harvest, but the authors found stress did not account for the drop in performance.

    What it does not show: This establishes that financial scarcity can reduce cognitive performance, but not that this happens through stress, or that it describes a stress personality.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    A reminder that some load is about circumstances, not response style. Financial pressure should be read as load, not as a trait of the person.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1126/science.1238041 · PMID 23990553

    Mani et al. (2013), Science · Original publication

  8. Getting stressed · Being judged

    Experiment + lab study Association

    Beliefs about stress could be shifted, and went with how people responded

    Among participants in three studies, short films presenting stress as enhancing or as debilitating shifted people's stress mindset, and a stress-is-enhancing mindset was associated with moderate cortisol reactivity and a higher desire for feedback under stress, as found using a film manipulation and a laboratory stress test.

    Details
    Who was studied
    Adult study participants
    Observation window
    Single sessions
    What was measured
    Stress mindset, cortisol, desire for feedback
    What this establishes
    An association, not cause and effect

    Limits: The film changed mindset; the cortisol link was observed, not manipulated in the same step.

    What it does not show: This establishes that stress beliefs can move and relate to responses, but not that more stress is good for people.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Belief about pressure is part of the response. Piezo asks whether pressure turns into action, a different question this study does not test.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1037/a0031201 · PMID 23437923

    Crum, Salovey & Achor (2013), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · Original publication

  9. Getting stressed · Being judged

    Randomised experiment Cause and effect

    Reading a racing heart as useful changed the body's response

    Among 50 young adults in a laboratory speech and arithmetic task (49 analysed), those randomly told to read their arousal as helpful showed more efficient heart responses, lower vascular resistance and less attentional bias than controls, as found using a randomised experiment.

    Details
    Who was studied
    50 young adults
    Observation window
    One session
    What was measured
    Cardiovascular responses, attention to threat
    What this establishes
    Cause and effect, in this setting

    Limits: Small sample; immediate responses only.

    What it does not show: This establishes that a brief instruction can change the immediate stress response, but not long-term resilience.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Supports offering reappraisal of arousal as a short practice before judged performances. Whether it suits a particular response pattern is untested.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Related findings

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1037/a0025719 · PMID 21942377

    Jamieson, Nock & Mendes (2012), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · Original publication

  10. Getting stressed · Uncertainty

    Scale development Association

    Difficulty tolerating uncertainty went with worry and anxiety

    Among two undergraduate samples, a short scale of intolerance of uncertainty correlated strongly with measures of anxiety and worry and split into anxious and avoidant parts, as found using scale development.

    Details
    Who was studied
    Two student samples
    Observation window
    One time point
    What was measured
    Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, worry
    What this establishes
    An association, not cause and effect

    Limits: Correlations between questionnaires; numbers not given in the abstract.

    What it does not show: This establishes that intolerance of uncertainty tracks worry, but not that holding firmly to plans means resisting stress.

    Relationship to Calmistry

    Stiffness (how much it takes to move you) borders on intolerance of uncertainty. Whether they are the same thing is a Calmistry hypothesis.

    Calmistry hypothesis · not yet tested in Calmistry's own instrument

    Checked against the original on 2026-10-08 · DOI 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 · PMID 16647833

    Carleton, Norton & Asmundson (2007), Journal of Anxiety Disorders · Original publication

Explore by measure

Calmistry reads 13 measures. Some rest on research that measured the same thing; most rest on research about something next to it. Each one below says which, and names the bridge nobody has tested yet.

Bounces off Reflect (2)

What research has established: In experiments, taking another perspective or changing how a situation is read improved emotional outcomes more on average than redirecting attention, and the benefit of reframing depended on whether the situation could be changed.

The missing bridge: Whether someone reliably puts up a boundary before stress is taken in has not been measured as a trait of its own.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

Sinks in Absorb (3)

What research has established: Hiding outward emotion is a different process from changing the feeling: people who habitually suppress expression still feel more negative emotion, and accepting one's feelings predicts less negative emotion under stress.

The missing bridge: Holding stress inside and thinking it through is not the same thing as suppression. That difference has not been tested.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

Goes straight out Transmit (5)

What research has established: Disclosing emotional experiences has a small average benefit, and support that answers the need created by a stressful event can soften its effects.

The missing bridge: Whether putting stress straight into words or action resolves it, passes it on or amplifies it is not settled.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

How much of the room gets in Porosity (7)

What research has established: Moods spread within groups, couples' stress hormones move together, and a mother's stress can show up in her infant's physiology.

The missing bridge: Whether some people take in other people's moods more than others, across relationships and settings, is open.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

How much it takes to move you Stiffness (4)

What research has established: Difficulty tolerating uncertainty is linked with worry and anxiety, and the value of switching strategies depends on the feeling involved.

The missing bridge: Whether holding firmly to a plan means more resistance to stress, or just a different kind, has not been tested.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

When it starts to get serious Yield point (5)

What research has established: People differ in how strongly they react to the same daily stressors, reactivity matters more than exposure in explaining distress, and reactivity predicts later health.

The missing bridge: These studies measure how strong a reaction is, not the threshold at which it starts.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

How far you bend without breaking Ductility (3)

What research has established: Fitting the coping method to the situation goes with better adjustment than having many methods, and switching away from what isn't working helps some feelings.

The missing bridge: Whether strain that stays hidden until it comes out all at once predicts a sudden breakdown is untested.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

Whether pressure turns into action Piezo (4)

What research has established: Challenge-type demands go with better performance than obstacles while both are tiring, and reading arousal as useful can change the immediate response.

The missing bridge: Whether pressure reliably turns into useful output for particular people has not been measured as a stable trait.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

Whether repeats make you tougher Work hardening (3)

What research has established: Some lifetime adversity has been linked with better later adjustment than none or a lot, while many childhood adversities go with higher later risks.

The missing bridge: Whether repeating the same manageable stressor produces measurable adaptation in a given person is open.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

How repeats wear on you Fatigue (5)

What research has established: Reactions to small daily hassles predict later health, and stressors earlier in the day make the next one hit harder.

The missing bridge: Whether many individually manageable stressors add up to more than their sum has not been measured as a personal tendency.

About this measure

How slow, long pressure wears on you Creep (4)

What research has established: High-strain jobs predict modestly higher heart risk over years, and a flatter daily cortisol rhythm goes with poorer health.

The missing bridge: How months of sustained pressure change a person's response pattern over time has not been tracked.

No direct evidence yet: every link here is adjacent research or a Calmistry hypothesis.

About this measure

How long it stays Half-life (12)

What research has established: Emotions differ in how long they persist from moment to moment, and both stuck and swinging moods go with lower well-being.

The missing bridge: How quickly one person returns to baseline after a specific event has not been measured with a questionnaire.

About this measure

What’s left afterwards Residual stress (7)

What research has established: Negative emotion that lingers the day after a stressor predicts later health, and rumination both feeds and follows low mood.

The missing bridge: How much of the original response remains once the stressor has ended is rarely measured directly.

About this measure

Where findings pull apart

Studies that look at the same question and come out differently, or point to a cost the other leaves out. Read them side by side before trusting either alone.

Open questions, and what Calmistry is tackling

Existing research examines many pieces of stress response and adaptation. What remains to be shown is whether a compact, self-report profile adds reliable predictive value beyond existing validated measures, and whether practices matched to it beat sensible alternatives. Each row is a planned paper.

8 planned papers · 6 collecting data now

All 8 open questions, and what we are doing about each
GapWhat we are doingStatus
Findings are filed under different namesThe same moment is studied as cortisol, threat, neuroticism or inertia. Whether one profile that reads them together predicts more than existing measures has not been tested.Restricted landmark-citation count, below Thirteen measures from one set of questions, each in plain words first. Working on it now
Levels more often than patternsWidely used scales such as the Perceived Stress Scale score how stressful life feels. Diary studies do measure reactivity and lingering, but over days of repeated reports, not in one short questionnaire.Charles et al. 2013; Piazza et al. 2013 Check the questions hold together, give the same answer twice and work the same across groups. Working on it now
The load metaphor is untestedStress is often compared to load on a material. In our search we found no peer-reviewed test of that comparison as a measurement model.Our literature search; no source for the engineering model Test whether the 12 materials are real types or useful labels on a smooth range, and report either. Working on it now
Mostly one side of the storyMost stress measures ask only the person. Studies comparing self and other raters exist, but are rarely paired with stress-response measures.Self-report dominates the studies in this atlas In a pair compare, each person can rate the other in ten short lines. Never shown as a score. Working on it now
Long diaries exist; long profiles don'tDiary studies with 10-year follow-ups exist. What is missing is a compact profile like this one repeated over months, next to what was going on.Charles et al. 2013; Piazza et al. 2013 Two free self-checks, repeated over months, read next to what was going on. Next, once the data is in
Matching practices to patterns is untestedCoping flexibility is well studied: one meta-analysis pooled 329 effect sizes. Whether practices matched to a measured response pattern beat good generic advice has not been tested.Cheng, Lau & Chan 2014 A fair test of matched against unmatched practices, once the self-checks can measure change. Later
Who gets studiedMost samples come from a few Western, rich countries.Henrich et al. 2010 Most people taking part are in India, a group the stress literature mostly leaves out. Working on it now
Birth timing, tested carefullyEarlier large tests of birth dates and personality found no link. Birth timing as used in Vedic astrology has not been tested against measured stress patterns, with blank comparisons.Carlson 1985; Hartmann et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2020 Only with people who opt in after their result, checked against blank comparisons. Working on it now

Not ours

We don't measure the body (hormones, heart rhythm) or the body clock. Those fields stay on the map because a result uses their ideas, not their data.

Validation protocol

How we check ourselves

Two separate checks: one for every published finding that goes on this page, one for Calmistry’s own questions. Neither is finished, and both are written down so anyone can repeat them.

How a finding gets onto this page

  1. 01Search across fieldsConstruct terms and their synonyms from neighbouring fields, plus searches for nulls, failed replications and reanalyses.
  2. 02ScreenPeer-reviewed, an empirical result about stress, and a population, design and outcome we can state from the text we read.
  3. 03Verify against the originalAuthors, year, sample, design, window, effect sizes and the direction of every claim, checked on the DOI or PubMed record. A number seen only second-hand is not published.
  4. 04Label the strengthEach card says what kind of claim it is: cause and effect, prediction, association, a pooled pattern or a framework.

How Calmistry’s own questions get tested

  1. 01Do the questions hold together?Internal consistency for each of the 13 measures, with a floor set before the data comes in.
  2. 02Same answer twice?Retest stability: the same people, answering again later.
  3. 03Fair across groups?Whether a question works the same way for different groups of people.
  4. 04Anything beyond existing measures?Whether the profile predicts more than validated scales already do. If it doesn’t, we say so.
  5. 05Types or a smooth range?Whether the 12 materials are real groups or useful labels on a continuum. We report either.

How different disciplines connect

A deliberately restricted landmark-citation analysis. We took four landmark papers from each of seven fields that study stress, then counted later papers that cite at least one landmark from both sides of a pair.

The thinnest bridge in this count: personality and habit change. 13 papers cite both sets of landmarks, out of 26,040 that cite either.

The map, the caveats and how we counted

What this count can and can't say

It is a reproducible count about these particular references, not a measure of how integrated the fields are.

A study can test how personality shapes the effect of a practice without citing any of these eight landmarks, or connect the fields in different words. And citing a landmark from each side doesn't mean the findings were put together.

Measuring integration properly needs construct-based searches and studies that test how the constructs relate. That is on our list, not done.

Why the count still looks like islands

Each field measures a different slice of the same moment, in its own words: cortisol in physiology, threat in appraisal research, neuroticism in personality, inertia in emotion research, habit in behaviour change.

Papers cite papers that use their words, so each field builds on itself and the slices rarely get put back together.

Citation map of seven stress fields and birth timing Circles are fields, sized by how many papers cite their landmark studies. Lines join every pair, thicker where more papers cite both. The thickest line, between stress physiology and appraisal, still covers under 2 percent of their papers. 18,401 Stressphysiology 5,724 Appraisal andemotion 5,803 Personality 10,426 Resilienceand recovery 13,011 Coping andemotionregulation 20,250 Behaviourchange 5,247 Chronobiologyand time 228 Birth timing
Personality · Behaviour change Best-connected pair: Stress physiology · Appraisal and emotion (1.45%) Thicker line = more papers cite both fields. Bigger circle = more papers cite the field’s landmarks. Dashed: birth timing, a small island with a few large tests.
Every pair, counted
PairPapers citing bothShare of either
Stress physiology · Appraisal and emotion3451.45%
Resilience and recovery · Coping and emotion regulation2801.21%
Stress physiology · Coping and emotion regulation3581.15%
Appraisal and emotion · Coping and emotion regulation1921.04%
Stress physiology · Resilience and recovery2570.90%
Stress physiology · Chronobiology and time2080.89%
Personality · Coping and emotion regulation1320.71%
Appraisal and emotion · Resilience and recovery900.56%
Coping and emotion regulation · Behaviour change1430.43%
Coping and emotion regulation · Chronobiology and time650.36%
Personality · Chronobiology and time350.32%
Appraisal and emotion · Personality310.27%
Stress physiology · Personality530.22%
Resilience and recovery · Chronobiology and time330.21%
Appraisal and emotion · Chronobiology and time230.21%
Personality · Resilience and recovery330.20%
Resilience and recovery · Behaviour change300.10%
Appraisal and emotion · Behaviour change230.09%
Stress physiology · Behaviour change300.08%
Behaviour change · Chronobiology and time190.07%
Personality · Behaviour change130.05%
Chronobiology and time · Birth timing20.04%
Personality · Birth timing20.03%
Stress physiology · Birth timing00.00%
Appraisal and emotion · Birth timing00.00%
Resilience and recovery · Birth timing00.00%
Coping and emotion regulation · Birth timing00.00%
Behaviour change · Birth timing00.00%

How we counted: four landmark papers per field (three for birth timing), checked against OpenAlex on 7 October 2026. A paper counts for a pair if it cites at least one landmark from each side. Different landmarks would shift the numbers; the islands stay.

How the research works for you

We're running a fair test: does birth timing, as used in Vedic astrology, add anything to explaining how people handle stress, beyond what psychology already tells us? It would help us immensely if you shared your birth details and answered the full set of questions. Do them all at once, finish the rest in mini quizzes, or take them with friends and family in a Box. It's a research question, not a reading. We won't show you a chart or a prediction.

  • Your result stands on its own

    It comes from your answers, scored by the same fixed calculation for everyone. Nothing else goes in.

  • Joining is optional

    Share birth details only if you want to, once your full profile is finished. Saying no changes nothing.

  • What it is for

    To validate, or invalidate, our hypotheses, and to make what works accessible to far more people.

  • Delete anytime

    Your answers, and anything you chose to share, from the Me page.

Which open question taking part helps answer: whether these 13 readings hold together, give the same answer twice and predict anything beyond existing measures. Results appear in this atlas as findings, with Calmistry's own method on the card.

Ways to take part

Two free self-checks

Two free self-checks open up here after your first result.

References

Every paper a finding cites, linked to its DOI or PubMed record, then the landmark papers used in the citation count.

Papers behind the findings (58)
  • Adam et al. 2017. Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
  • Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema & Schweizer 2010. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review.
  • Balban et al. 2023. Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal. Cell Reports Medicine.
  • Barsade 2002. The ripple effect: emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly.
  • Bolger & Schilling 1991. Personality and the problems of everyday life: the role of neuroticism in exposure and reactivity to daily stressors. Journal of Personality.
  • Cao & Drasgow 2019. Does forcing reduce faking? A meta-analytic review of forced-choice personality measures in high-stakes situations. Journal of Applied Psychology.
  • Carleton, Norton & Asmundson 2007. Fearing the unknown: a short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders.
  • Charles et al. 2013. The wear and tear of daily stressors on mental health. Psychological Science.
  • Chen et al. 2024. Emotion regulation flexibility and momentary affect in two cultures. Nature Mental Health.
  • Cheng, Lau & Chan 2014. Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin.
  • Coan, Schaefer & Davidson 2006. Lending a hand: social regulation of the neural response to threat. Psychological Science.
  • Cohen & Wills 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin.
  • Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.
  • Crum, Salovey & Achor 2013. Rethinking stress: the role of mindsets in determining the stress response. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Dickerson & Kemeny 2004. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin.
  • Fisher, Medaglia & Jeronimus 2018. Lack of group-to-individual generalizability is a threat to human subjects research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  • Fiß et al. 2026. Addressing mental health with daily-life ecological momentary interventions (ALERT) in people at increased risk for mental disorders: a micro-randomized trial. Journal of Affective Disorders.
  • Fleeson 2001. Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: traits as density distributions of states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Ford et al. 2018. The psychological health benefits of accepting negative emotions and thoughts: laboratory, diary, and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Frattaroli 2006. Experimental disclosure and its moderators: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin.
  • Galatzer-Levy, Huang & Bonanno 2018. Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: a review and statistical evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review.
  • Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.
  • Goyal et al. 2014. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine.
  • Gross & John 2003. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Henrich, Heine & Norenzayan 2010. The weirdest people in the world?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
  • Houben, Van Den Noortgate & Kuppens 2015. The relation between short-term emotion dynamics and psychological well-being: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin.
  • Hughes et al. 2017. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health.
  • Infurna & Luthar 2016. Resilience to major life stressors is not as common as thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
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Landmarks in the citation count: Stress physiology (4)
  • Selye 1936. A Syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents. Nature.
  • McEwen 1998. Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators. New England Journal of Medicine.
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Landmarks in the citation count: Appraisal and emotion (4)
  • Tomaka et al. 1993. Subjective, physiological, and behavioral effects of threat and challenge appraisal.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Crum et al. 2013. Rethinking stress: The role of mindsets in determining the stress response.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
  • Jamieson et al. 2011. Mind over matter: Reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress.. Journal of Experimental Psychology General.
  • Folkman et al. 1986. Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Landmarks in the citation count: Personality (4)
  • Bolger & Schilling 1991. Personality and the Problems of Everyday Life: The Role of Neuroticism In Exposure and Reactivity to Daily Stressors. Journal of Personality.
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Landmarks in the citation count: Resilience and recovery (4)
  • Bonanno 2004. Loss, Trauma, and Human Resilience: Have We Underestimated the Human Capacity to Thrive After Extremely Aversive Events?. American Psychologist.
  • Galatzer‐Levy et al. 2018. Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A review and statistical evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review.
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  • Seery et al. 2010. Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
Landmarks in the citation count: Coping and emotion regulation (4)
  • Gross 1998. The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology.
  • Webb et al. 2012. Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.. Psychological Bulletin.
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  • Brosschot et al. 2006. The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.
Landmarks in the citation count: Behaviour change (4)
  • Michie et al. 2011. The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science.
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  • Lally et al. 2009. How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology.
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Landmarks in the citation count: Chronobiology and time (4)
  • Roenneberg et al. 2003. Life between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes. Journal of Biological Rhythms.
  • Adam et al. 2017. Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology.
  • Golder & Macy 2011. Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures. Science.
  • Charles et al. 2013. The Wear and Tear of Daily Stressors on Mental Health. Psychological Science.
Landmarks in the citation count: Birth timing (3)
  • Carlson 1985. A double-blind test of astrology. Nature.
  • Hartmann et al. 2006. The relationship between date of birth and individual differences in personality and general intelligence: A large-scale study. Personality and Individual Differences.
  • Lu et al. 2020. Disentangling stereotypes from social reality: Astrological stereotypes and discrimination in China.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
The history behind the word (7)
  • Hooke 1678. Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva, or of Spring: explaining the power of springing bodies. London (book).
  • Cannon 1929. Organization for physiological homeostasis. Physiological Reviews.
  • Selye 1936. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature.
  • Viner 1999. Putting stress in life: Hans Selye and the making of stress theory. Social Studies of Science.
  • Szabo, Tache & Somogyi 2012. The legacy of Hans Selye and the origins of stress research: a retrospective 75 years after his landmark brief letter to the editor of Nature. Stress.
  • McEwen 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New England Journal of Medicine.
  • Epel et al. 2018. More than a feeling: a unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.
Also cited (1)

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